Chinese philosophy Essay Example for Free

Chinese philosophy EssayAlthough the interpretation might be negative and positive, it is non how we actually depict these two aspects. They represent a balance and are interdependent (cannot exist without all(prenominal) other). These two are like a realize and effect. 3. How could the hexagrams of the I Ching (The Book of Changes) be viewed as means of divination? How could they be seen as having personality and wisdom of their own? Note the editorial work of the Confucianism. Chinese sought the future in the patterns of the shell of the tortoise or in stalks of grains. The shell of the tortoise was sought to be specially in tune with the rhythms of the universe because of the long bearing of its inhabitant. With the casting of coins or stalks of a plant, certain patterns emerge. By identifying these patterns, a prediction is made. When casting the coins, they each represented a trigram that when put together you would compare it to your hexagram number. individually he xagram number had a distinct class period (they were kind of their own version of a fortune cookie).The readings were a form of divination in the way that they each had separate readings about actions to take in the future. They had a personality and wisdom of their own in a sense that each hexagram had a different reading and action to follow. They each had a different fortune. 4. Why did the decline of the feudal administration in ancient China set the stage for both Taoism and Confucianism? When the feudal system began to breakdown, each school chose a different belief to kind of explain what was happening at that time with thegovernment.Within these schools Taoism and Confucianism developed each with different beliefs on how the government should run and how the people should be run. 5. Contrast the view of the best government as it is revealed in the Tao Te Ching and in the teachings of Confucius. Confucianism feudal system was wanted. They seem to have believed that altho ugh the gods existed and worship and rituals were of value in bringing people together, these things were of secondary importance to an equitable social order.They strongly believed in government and that caller needed an elaborate structure, reinforced by etiquette in order to be effective. Tao Te Ching This book was written as a polemic against the Confucians and Legalist who wished for either an idealize form of feudalism or some strong central government. They wanted little to do with government, none if possible. The theme of the book was that all human achievements were folly, especially elaborate government. This book was written by Lao-Tzu in 6th century B. C. E because the gate keeper tried to persuade him to turn back (Hankao Pass) and not leave China.When the gate keeper failed to persuade him he asked him to at least write a book about his teachings (the book took him about 3 age and was made up of 5000 characters). 8. What political difficulties do religions face in China today? The government only tolerates spiritual organizations that are willing to accept stringent regulations. They have to be free of foreign influence and they must accept government censorship of religious writings and guidance in the selections of clergy, and limit religious activities and approved locations.

Architecture Rome Essay Example for Free

Architecture Rome EssayArch of Constantine Rome, Lazio, Italy This arch is religiously solid because it commemorates the battle that led the Emperor Constantine to convert to Christianity, thereby changing the religious landscape of the western world. The Arch of Constantine was erected to commemorate Constantines victory over Maxentius at the affair of Milvian Bridgein 312 AD. According to contemporary historians, the night before the battle Constantine had a vision.He saw the symbol ofchi-rho(the first letters of Christ in Greek) or the cross in some accounts in the sky with the words,By this sign, conquer. Facing an army larger than his own, Constantine was happy to try anything. He had his soldiers carry the Christian symbol into battle, and he was victorious. So Constantine adopted Christianity for himself and declared the religion officially tolerated throughout the Roman Empire. With Constantines conversion, Christian persecution ended and the development of Chris dec enniumdom began.Thus, the event celebrated by the Arch of Constantine was amajor turning pointin the history of the western world. 7. Archbishops castling, Prague Jean Baptist Mathey city of Prague in the Czech Republic The Archbishops Palace in Prague in the Czech Republic dates back to the mid-15th century. The Archbishops Palace in the city of Prague in the Czech Republic is home to some of the finest architecture around atomic number 63 and was constructed on the foundation of a Renaissance home. The home was reconstructed for two years in 1562-1564 and later in 1669-1694 in the Baroque style.The front of the Archbishops Palace in the city of Prague is a magnificent display of extravagant 18th century architecture and the interior is just as spectacular. Tapestries decorate several suite and the furniture is all from the 18th century amongst portraits that relate to the Christian Church. The Archbishops Palace shares its entrance with the Sternberg Palace which is an unconvinc ing public attraction that is open to visitors to view with child(p) art masterpieces from the 14th 18th centuries.On the facade of the Palace there is a display of different hats that are ranked for the church officials. The hat with ten tassels belonged to the Archbishop and the others with five tassels were the bishops. The Archbishops Palace and the Sternberg Palace are worth seeing while visiting Prague even if you just get a chance to see the incredible architecture of this building. Archbishops Palace, the Seat of the Arch Bishop near the entrance to the Castle of Prague, Czech Republic, Europe. 8. The Ark, London Ralph Erskine, Lennart Bergstrom, Arkitektkontor, Rock Townsend Hammersmith, London,The Ark is that very unusual but arty and landmark component building by the Hammersmith flyover in west London, which appears always empty to the millions of car commuters that stream past it everyday, on their way in and out of London. In fact, the building was bought by GE Capi tal Real Estate back in 2006, who finally have decided to use it to consolidate the various GE London offices into one space. The Ark is an original and popular landmark greeting visitors to London as they drive in on the A4 through Hammersmith, from the west or Heathrow Airport.On a cramped site hemmed in by a concrete overpass on one side and a railway cutting on another, the Ark sits serenely if rather darkly, its brown glass hiding some long gaps between lettings. Visually, the Ark is immediately striking both outside and in. Outside, it plays the Ark idea almost to the full, although earlier plans for a large ramp leading up to the entrance have not been fulfilled. The idea of such a ramp is still hinted at by the cutaway in the facade, where any metaphorical ramp would fold up into hull once the animal pairs were all on board.

Relationship Between Organization, Structure and Culture

Relationship Between Organization, Structure and refinementPrefaceOur assignment is related to the subject Organization and Behavior. We undisturbed information from various sources which includes internet, phonograph records, and class nones and by interviewing distinct incisions of Mobilink GSM. We were rejected several cadences by the fundamental law but still completing this assignment was kindle and was full of experience. We hope our officiate allow be appreciated.Outcome 1st projection for P1Organization definedWorking through ad hoc setup is called as transcription.Organizational social organic lawIn makeupal bodily grammatical construction we arrange batch into groups and different departments. Organizational structure provides the path instruction for the form of coverage that drives a business, dividing it into aras or departments that atomic number 18 trustworthy for certain aspects of the governments purpose.An brass instrument divides mulls am ong employees to achieve their goals much efficiently. There are different key factors which will help us to create an organization structure .we will discuss them belowWork specializationWhen an mortal perform certain job several condemnation on daily bases, that item-by-item get habitual to that proper(postnominal) caper and become experienced by doing that task again and again, this is called as wrick specialization.Advantages Through work specialization take of efficiency increases in employees.Disadvantages Employees can become bore by doing corresponding task again and again. Lack of interest might increase by doing same task again and again. departmentalizationDepartmentalization is the combination of four departments operating department, marketing department, HRM department and pay department. This is the process of performing different tasks, advertising products, managing resources (hiring employees, machinery and so on for different tasks and providing budgets for performing different of different departments.Functional departmentalizationProduct departmentalizationGeographic departmentalizationProcess departmentalizationCustomer departmentalizationFunctional departmentalizationIn functional departmentalization peoples are grouped together according to the work they specialize. Groups of people and then perform similar tasks and uses similar materials. Groups are then further divided into sub departments.Advantages Efficiency of employees increases by doing same work again and again. Hiring/ carrier bag and training of employees gets easier. Each department will be responsible for their tasks.Disadvantages In this structure communication, coordination is poor and accountability becomes difficult in this structure.http//static.flatworldknowledge.com/sites/all/files/imagecache/book/27984/fwk-collins-fig06_008.jpg (htt)(Figure video display functional departmentalization)Product departmentalizationIn product departmentalization work is gr ouped on the basis of manufactured peachys they produce. Example Nestle corporation uses product departmentalization technique for their big range of products. Nestle produces different products like Nestle food, Nestle Beverages, Nestle Baby care products etc is controlled by executives who induce full responsibility for their products.http//www.emeraldinsight.com/content_images/fig/3300080301004.png (htt1)(Figure cover product departmentalization)Geographic departmentalizationIn this type of structure departmentalization occurs on the basis of region, area. Example Standard Chartered Bank has their branches almost in every(prenominal) urban center of Pakistan. Like head department of Standard Chartered Bank is in Karachi and their branches are spread over all another(prenominal)(a) cities of Pakistan.Advantages Services can be easily available for employees. Employees satisfaction increases by providing them operate in every city.Service of one department in one city can be different from another department in another city. This might create some problems.Duplication of resources by having lots of managers and staff. Lack of communication with head office is the disadvantages.Process departmentalizationIn process departmentalization department are organize to perform particular job. The members of staff are grouped together to concentrate on specific job. In process departmentalization specialization increases because worker has to focus on single task.Example Making Passport, ID Card etc.Chain of commandA grasp of command set up the line of authority within the organization. It helps employee that to whom they will be responsible. Its starting with the board of luffors and extended down through the various take aim in hierarchy to the point where basic function of the organization carried pop.CentralizationCentralization is a procedure where top managers take decision in centralisation authority and power remain with high-class managers. Lower level employee are not considerable that much important.DecentralizationDecentralization is the reciprocal of centralization. Here readiness and decision- qualification are distributed among employees. Decentralization has several benefits compare to centralizationEmployees get motivated by involving them in decision makingDecision making get faster. coordination meliorate through organizationMatrix structureMatrix structure is combination of several different designs want to combine their benefits and avoid there drawbacks. Employees have to responsible for two bases.Organizational CultureDefinitionA specific system of running, controlling which represents and distinguishes an organization from another organizationORPhysical image of an organization that is fosters, understanding, attitude, norms of an organizationCharacteristics of organization coatingOrganizational culture plays major role in the development of an organization. Its gives distinct value to organization, it s moothen path for innovation and seek taking, it provides stability to organization. Some more characteristics of organization structure are explained below.Dominant valueAs the name indicates dominant values are specific qualities of a person or an organization. Major values of an organization or person are called as dominant value.RulesComplete framework of an organization for new approach shot employees and to the existing employees. All employees must accompany all the rules and regulations of an organization. Example, what clock time to come, when to leave, what to do and what not do etc.Organization climateIs physical layout of an organization that is how the grammatical construction of an organization, is it well decorated, how are employees of organization, their dress their attitude toward clients etc?Example Standard Charted Bank. When we go there we will notice that building would be nicely decorated, all the employees will have proper uniform etc which is the physic al representation of Standard Chartered BankPhilosophyAs we know for an organization costumiers are king because without costumer organization cannot run. Philosophy is the main characteristic of an organization culture because here we emphasis on how to treat customers and how to behave costumers.Team preferenceTeam orientation is another salient characteristic of organizational culture. Individuals or groups of individuals are grouped together to perform different activities of an organization.Innovation and risk takingWorking on new thing is called as innovation, no doubt innovation is quite risky but it can be very helpful for an organization.https//static.flatworldknowledge.com/sites/all/files/imagecache/book/30774/fwk-carpenter-fig08_005.jpg (htt2)Example viewing organization cultureMobilink GSM culture of Mobilink GSM is to totally satisfy customer and shareholders wants, their dominant values include business brilliance, confidence honesty value for public, corporate soci al responsibility.Sub CultureSub culture is basically a culture with in a culture, like every organization has its specific culture then in organization every department has its own culture that is way of life of operating controlling of marketing department is different than finance department and similarly culture of HR department is different that marketing department.Developing Organizational CultureWhile developing a culture there are some factors which advert organizational culture at a great, of which some are explained below.Economic conditionsEconomic conditions has great affect on organization culture because if the time for an organization is prosperous so definitely organizations will be looking for innovations, new ideas etc but on the other hand if time is not prosperous, there are inflations for an organizations so no doubt organization will face a lot of problems.FormationFormation or structure means how are tasks ordered. In flexible structured organization employ ees are motivated by giving them rewards etc. Employees are given close functional condition. On the other hand if the structure of organization is disagreeable so definitely employees will be demotivated this will decrease their interest level of work. leading styleLeader must put through such rule and regulations which are both convenient for employees to follow as well as profitable for organization. It is up to the leader how he controls an organization.Changing CultureChanging organizational culture is huge tough task according to expert it takes 8 years for an organization to change their culture as a whole, but mostly organizations alter their negative culture. Change in culture can be made by ever-changing mission and vision of an organization etc. Some factors which are playing great role in changing organization culture are described below.Mission and VisionIn order to change organizational culture changes must be made in the mission and vision rehearsal of organizati on. As mission and vision is communication purpose to stakeholders, mission and vision for an organization should be wisely selected.Alteration from top to downWhile changing organizational culture it is important that whatever changes are made by an organization it should be followed by top level managers as well pass up level managers and employees because it is obvious if top managers are implementing new rule and they them self not following rule changing of culture might not be possible.Physical sign of cultureNew culture must be physically visible that is style of working(a), dress of employees and attitude toward stakeholders etc must match the changed culture. leadershipLeader provides motion for cultural alteration. It is the leader who will guide about new alteration of culture plus leader is one who will implement new culture.Importance of cultureCulture affects over all activities of an organization. It is the culture which represents organizations that how they perfor m their different tasks. Culture plays lively role in the consume of employees and culture of an organization is the communication purpose to other stakeholders like customers, competitors etc. Some of the salient points of culture are explained below.MotivationCulture of an organization helps in the motivation of employees because if the culture of an organization is flexible employees will be encouraged they will be interested in organization, similarly if the culture of an organization is not fulfilling employees demand definitely it will have bad impact on success of an organization.Image of an organizationIt is culture which gives an organization a distinctive image. Culture represents an organization that is how is does an organization perform their activities how are there attitude toward customers, employees and other stakeholders.CommunicationAs discussed above culture plays great role in communication to customers and other stakeholders. Working style, building style and their attitudes attracts customers.FlexibilityCulture provides flexibility in an organization by giving value to customers and having intimate working condition for employees and managers etc.Kinds of cultureThere are different types of culture, which are expressed below.Power cultureRole culture job culturePerson cultureTask for P2Relationship between organization structure and cultureOrganizational structure is the mechanism by which efforts and works are coordinated with supervision to produce the results that are hoped from organizational culture. One of the most important features in relationship between organizational structure and culture is that it gives clear picture to the employees about their limitations and responsibilities and so not to concern about the issues that are beyond their scope of expectation this will help employees to work more efficiently. An effective coalition between organization structure and culture gets people closer to achieve organizational end goals more efficiently.Affect of structure on organizationStructure has a great affect on the performance of organization. If the structure of an organization is flexible the employees of that organization will be motivated and they will perform their task willingly. Structure of an organization helps in maintaining communication and stresses on coordination. Mainly there are two kinds of structures which are given below.Tall structure.An organization which have tall structure will have demoralize span of control that is there will be lots of hierarchy of manager is high.Advantage low level of span of control, motivation of employees, good coordination.Disadvantage expensive because so many managers required for an organization, distraction of accountability, single task is passed from so many individuals in organization, slow decision.Narrow structureharmonize to specialists single individual can handle well 8 individuals. In narrow structure of an organization there is high span of control, that hierarchy of managers is lower as compared to tall structure.Advantages less(prenominal) expensive because low number managers, decision making is fast, good communication among employees.Disadvantage high span of control that is jam on manager is a lot.Example We visited Mobilink GSM Peshawar, we had an interview with Customer Care Department. According to them structure of Mobilink GSM is decentralized due to which employees are satisfied from organization structure because they are involve in decision making this really motivates customers and this leads to innovations as well.Affects of culture on organizationCulture has a great affect on organization. If the culture of an organization is good corporate culture employees will be motivated and they will work efficiently and it is also the communication purpose to other stakeholders like customers, shareholders, and government etc. Some salient characteristics of organizational culture are given below.Organizatio nal culture is the physical image of an organization.Helps in making good image of an organization.It is the communication purpose to stakeholders.Example Mobilink GSM has great friendly environment. When we visited Mobilink GSM we feel our selves like we are home we were asked about what to take and what to eat, this really attracted us and felt us happy. Employees are motivated by various methods specially by awarding them and Mobilink GSM provides their employees with necessities of life like they have air condition system in whole organization in summer while in winter they have heater system and they provide employees coffee breaks etc which increase the level of interests of employees.Task for P3Individual sort at workAccording to psychologist understanding human psyche is very tough job as we know expression of one person will be different from another. Behavior of individual varies according to conditions around.Interpersonal behaviors are changed from individual behaviors , that is when a person is alone his/her record changes as compared to when an individual is with other individuals.On the other hand group behavior is different from interpersonal or individual behavior. Example person named Ahmed sets with his colleagues, Ahmads attitude, style and other things which are concerned with his genius will be changes as compared to when Ahmad is alone.PersonalityPersonality is the general model of an individuals beliefs, feelings, and behaviors which represents style of individuals involving to the surroundings. Personality of a person involves persons height, weight, attitude, fashion, thinking etc. factors which affect personality are given below.Heredity It involves attitudes, feelings, thinking and behavior etc that you learn from your parents, siblings etc. It is not 100% sure that your personality will resemble to your parents and siblings it may vary.Environment Your personality changes according to environment you living.If an individual owns good personality that having good attitude, good expression etc definitely that individuals behavior at work would be appreciative.PerceptionIs a method in which individual get in-coming information from their surroundings and then arrange and build out these to understand in a particular manner. Each in-coming information or happening going on nearby of individual is perceived in a particular style by every individual. Therefore perception is a center for the communication of a person with its surroundings both at job or other place.Perceptual selectivityHuman creative thinkers are attacked by different information all the time. What basically perceptual selectivity means is that selecting of information by our mind to understand, it is not under the control of human being. Further components of perceptual selectivity are.Context 2. Nature of stimuli 3. Internal factors 4. Fear and traumaAttitudeIt is basically the response of an individual to all the actions happening in surroun ding to it. Attitude is very important because it is attitude which represents you that is how you perform different task and how you deal things happening around you. great powerAbility of an individual is inborn quality it changes which passage of time like when an individual perform some task again and again a time may come that person will perform activity efficiently. Ability of an individual in organization is required to obtain certain goals and objectives.Task for M1Culture and structure of selected organizationThe organization which I have selected is Mobilink GSM, Pakistan.About Mobilinkhttp//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7a/Mobilink.jpgMobilink GSM started its business as the primary GSM cellular cell phone services inside Pakistan through MOTOROLA Inc in 1994, afterward Mobilink GSM was purchased by Orascom Telecom Holding (OTH) which is the offset multi-national company of Egypt. Mobilink GSM, a subordinate of the Orascom Telecom Holding, is Pakistans primary cel lular and blackberry service supplier. Having more than 31.5 million subscribers, Mobilink holds market leadership through progressive integrated expertise, the strongest trademark and the largest range of value added services in the business. (Wikipedia , 2011)Mobilink Mission biddingThe business is devoted to give its stakeholders highest level of satisfactionthrough admirable services and show that we as a corporation meeting our commercialas well as moral objectives, in ways that a regular sensible communal expectations ofaccountable cellular corporations. (Mobilink GSM, 2011)Culture of Mobilink GSMComplete purchaser complimentAccording to Mobilink GSM clients are key to their achievements. Mobilink GSM says that costumers has expectation from us and they are doing to the best of their ability to provide them quality, services more that what they have expected. We will surely work according to take of our clients.Business brillianceMobilink GSM struggle to provide the best q uality to our clients. Furthermore Mobilink seek to the uppermost standards and search to identify costumer needs every day. This leads Mobilink GSM to market leading company and gives satisfaction to the stakeholders.Confidence honestyMobilink GSM gets arrogance in working the top moral principles in an open and blunt environment, and by devoting their promises.Value for publicMobilink GSM runs its business by its relation with peoples. Mobilink GSM gives its importance to its employees and other stakeholders and Mobilink GSM believe in cooperation.Value for employeesMobilink provide good, flexible and friendly working environment for their employees. Mobilink GSM treats their employees and managers very well and gives them good amount of salary along with security.Corporate Social ResponsibilityMobilink GSM believes that costumers and businesses are in relationship with each other. They are interdependent to each other. Being good corporate business Mobilink not only focuses on earning profit from society but they also spend in the prosperity of societies. (Mobilink GSM, 2011)Mobilink GSMs organizational StructureWe visited Mobilink GSM, we conducted an interview with their Customer Care department and also with HR department. According to Customer Care department and HR department organizational structure of Mobilink GSM is Decentralized. This means that Mobilink GSM involves their lower level managers and employees in decision making.Advantages of this structure Due to this structure employees are motivated they consider organization as their family they then work efficiently. This structure leads to new innovations because employees of Mobilink GSM told us in interview that employees can give their suggestions and feedback whenever they want, and feedbacks of employees are given great attention. When their suggestions are liked by the top managers, employees are given different rewards even some employees were given Dubai return tickets.(Figure showing Organizational structure of Mobilink GSM) (Source Interview) strategical decision makingStrategic decisions of Mobilink GSM are made by Chief Executives (Presidents) in Islamabad. Other decisions are made by directors of each department involving their lower level managers and employees as well.Task for D1RecommendationsWhen skills of employees increases salary should be increased as well.In order to keep employees motivated and efficient they should be given training repeatedly.Giving awards on good performance to employees should be maintained this will develop competition among employees.Keeping in mind conditions of Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa employees should be provided good security.Each department should have sine qua non alarm and fire distinguisher which would be use in case of emergency.They should provide pick and drop system this will attract employees from competitors.Customer Care Department should be improved because too much customers are dissatisfy from their work.Custom ers are not satisfied from the mistakes of billing department.As compared to competitors prices are high and customer is dissatisfied with the quality as well.Outcome 2ndTask for P4Organizational or managerial theoriesBefore we discuss organizational theories it is important first to know what guidance is.Management The art of taking work from employees or people effectively and efficiently.Effectiveness means doing exact work as told.Efficiency doing work with less possible input and more possible output.History The word manage comes from Italian word (maneggiare) and (maneggiare)itself is derived from Latin word (Manus) which means hand. Later on, in seventeenth and 18th centuries, French word (Mesnagement) influenced in meaning of the English word (Management)..Ranks of wayThere are three clans of management, high-level managers, middle-level managers and lower-level managers. Each rank has its own authorities in organization, which is discussed below.High-level managers This includes board of directors, presidents, vice presidents and chief executives. They generally make top decisions. They are accountable for the outside image of organization.middle-level managers This normally includes general managers, department managers etc. They are accountable to high-level managers. They basically acts like interpreters, they describe information of high-level managers to lower-level managers.Lower-level managers They are managers who have direct contact with employees, lower-level managers gives job to employees and takes work from them. In short-circuit its lower-level managers who run organization on daily bases.Development of management thought how does management start that which travel an organization should carry in order to manage organizationDifferent organizational theories are of which some are discussed below.Scientific ManagementTo convert your short skilled labor into efficient employees. This will happen by giving your employees good training t hat is how to perform different task and by increasing their takings this will increase their interest in work.Ex course of studyation scientific management is also known as Taylorism. It was developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor, he said that organization cannot be managed by hazy ideas it should be managed by organized rules.Principles of Scientific Management Employees should be train for more improvement and they should be motivated by giving awards etc to employees. Recruitment should be completely base on merit (scientifically). Boss should not be so strict so that employees become stressful nor should the boss be so friendly that employees do not perform their tasks effectively. When sales increases, wages should be increased as well. This will encourage employees a lot. There should be possible minimum work pressure level on employees so that they can perform their tasks well.Human Relations ApproachThis approach accentuate on, that human should not be considered as machi nes, they should be given proper relation and breaks when workingExplanation This approach was first introduced by George Elton Mayo. He was the first person who talked about human relationships approach. He said that human beings become bored when do something for long time without proper breaks, they should be given breaks, they should be provided food, water etc while working in organization.Salient features of Human Relationships Approach Employees should be motivated positively not by force. Employees should not be considered as rational, they should be given breaks while working in organization. This approach stresses on team work, because by team there is low level of work pressure on employees plus when more than one individuals are grouped together to solve specific problem they will do it more effectively as compared to an individual who is alone.Classical AdministrationHenri Fayol introduced classical administration. Henri Fayol was suburb of Turkey who was born in 1841 a nd was French mining engineer. He gave 14 principles of management. Which are discussed below.Division of work To train employees in order to make them more efficient.Authority Managers should have the ability take work from employees. That he/she should be able to make employees to obey their orders.Discipline There should be proper rules and regulations in organization and all employees must obey them. Example wearing proper uniform, coming on time and leaving on time etc.Unity of command Employees should be accountable to one boss because the number of boss in organization is more than one this will cause confusion for employees.Unity of direction in order to avoid distraction employees must go on one plan that is one direction.Subordination of person interests to the common interest Interests of organization must be given top priority.Remuneration There should be extra packages for employees in organization. Employees should be given good wage.Centralization It means making of d ecisions by managers.Hierarchy They are the managers to whom employees are accountable.Order To place right person the task that is every person should be given task according to the work they specializes.Equity managers should not be cruel or bad with employees they should be friendly with employees.Stability of staff There should not be surplus of employees not shortage of employees in organization.Initiatives Organization should focus on innovation, they should take risk in making new things.Esprit De Corps To work as team because it will ease task for every employees. (Wikipedia, 2011)Function of managementManaging almost in every organization helps in achieving organizational goals and objectives, it brings employees closer that is stresses on team work. Management plays great role on motivating employees. There are different functions of management which are planning, organizing, leading, coordinating and controlling.Planning For achieving organization goals and objectives pla nning is done. That how will an organization achieve their goals and objectives. Planning further includes mission, goals, objectives, tactics, budgeting and procedure.Mission It is the very reason of existence of an organization.Goals are the long term intentions, what an organization wants to become in future.Objectives Are short term intentions of an organization.Tactics Are methodologies used to achieve objectives (short term targets).Strategies Are racy plans which are used to achieve long term targets of an organization (goals).Budgeting Amount of capital (money) required for achieving specific goal is called as budgeting.Procedure Is the specific way of doing some activity. OR Rules and regulations to do some work.Organizing Collecting the best resources to achieve different goals and objectives of an organization, which is having good machinery, skilled employees and managers etc.Leading guiding employees how to perform tasks in organization, how to behave clients etc.Coor dinating Providing team work environment, which is helping each other in organization in order to be successful.Controlling to varan how are tasks going on and is it going according to the plan or not.Motivation Without motivating employees taking work from them is so difficult. Employees should be motivated because then they will do their work effectively and efficiently and with interest. Employe

Indias Handicraft Industry: Overview and Analysis

Indias Handicraft Industry Overview and AnalysisThe industry chosen is the handicraft industry and the reasons for selecting the same argon as followIndias art and craftsmanship is considered to be the best in the world. Abundant skilled labour in the industry (approximately 41 lakhs). Raw materials for most arts and crafts atomic number 18 unattached locally. Possess a variety of crafts ranging from art metal ware to bamboo and jute products. Wave of oriental fashion Huge potential with large retail chains Tourism be seen as a vehicle of growthOwing to lack of or inadequate data and information on world production and import of handicrafts, it is difficult to figure out an exact assessment of the size of the global market place for handicrafts. Handicrafts accounting for the world imports consist of both genuine handmade handicrafts and similar machine made substitutes. The handicrafts sphere is dominated by the imports of works of art, carpets and wood wares followed by bask et wares, embroidery and the base metal decorative articles. The Handicrafts sector is one of the star performers among the thrust products set by the Government of India for export promotion and growth. As a result, exemption is condition on sales tax and incentives are given on causation connection etc. The business is to be located in Rajasthan.Business Opportunities in RajasthanRajasthan is the most preferred State for enthronizations in certain sectors. Easy accessibility of raw resources and skilled labour, makes it the natural choice for handicraft ground industries. Tourism is a thriving and vibrant industry in Rajasthan. The State attracts one trio of the tourists coming into India. The flourishing tourism industry helps the development of handicraft industry simultaneously because of the variety and quality of products and the demand in the international and domestic market.This pickle has been selected due to the following(a) reasons Availability of raw materials and skilled labor in Rajasthan Land is cheap Water non required for manufacturing process. Abu road is an industrial bowl and is located close to Mount Abu which is a famous tourist destination Heavy influx of tourists every year at Mount Abu Has a lake called Nakki Lake which target fulfill the minimal waterrequirementsElements of the marketing strategyThe target market The company plans to reach the middle class and the top(prenominal) middle class of the society. grocery segmentation After identifying the target market the company forget be manufacturing and developing products that appeal to that section of market. Mass production The company will meet a single marketing plan to mass-produce the products at the plant located in Rajasthan. The four Ps of marketing mix accepts product, price, promotion and place. The following shows how the company is planning to use the marketing mix to promote and sell the products.a. Product mixVariety There will be a dress circle of variety in the products in terms of design, colour etc. There will be items ilk bracelets, anklets, necklaces, rings etc. from which anything can be selected by the customer according to his or her choice or need.Quality The quality of the products will be superior and of international standards as the company will as well as be exporting them.Design There will be a variety of designs in each category of jewellery.Sizes The products will be available in different sizes and shapes as per the specification of the clients and in addition according to the demand.Features Guaranteed and unbreakable beads and stones of different colours, different sizes and shapes for all occasions and for all age groups will be one of the companys USPs.Brand name The brand name of our company is Fine Jewels collectionPackaging The jewellery will be given in down(p) velvet pouches with the brand name on it. This will be given in case of rings, bracelets etc. In case of necklaces and in case o f broad items, velvet boxes will be given.Services Services like after sales services will be leaved to the clients and if at that place is any defect or fault in the product it would be repaired or replaced free of cost.b. Price mixList price The prices of are products will be given on the list .i.e. is when they are sold directly to the retail outlet they are priced according to the list price. Discounts Special cash discounts will be given to our clients and also discounts for bulk purchases to retailers. Payments Cheque, credit cards as well as cash payment will be the accepted modes of payment. Credit cards will be useful in case of international transactions. Credit terms Credit facility of 15 days will be given on purchases all to our retailers.c. Promotion mixAdvertising Product advertisements will be given in local newspapers, distribution of pamphlets and through word-of-mouth awareness. Advertisements will also be given on radio but after one or two years.Sales focus Sales focus will be on all age groups and towards the middle class and the upper middle class of the society.Direct market Some of the products will directly be sold to the market. Our principal(prenominal) outlets will be in Mumbai and Rajasthan.d. station mixChannels The different channels which will be used by the company are retail outlets and through different distributors and also by export. The products will also be displayed in exhibitions.Coverage The coverage area would be mainly exporting extraneous India to different countries, as well as Mumbai and Rajasthan.Location The location will be two outlets in Mumbai, one outlet in Rajasthan. And others will be exported to different countries. Handicrafts are exported to more than 100 countries. There is a great gap between demand and supply in countries like USA, Singapore and Malaysia. Hence, in that respect is evermore a need for new entrants to fill this gap.The reasons for the outlet at Mumbai are as foll ows Mumbai is the fashion uppercase of India. The target market for our product is the upper middle class and middle class. Products are designed keeping the target customer in mind. Mumbai has the highest number of shoppers in IndiaCompetitor AnalysisCompetition is more often than non from developing nations like Indonesia and China. The major competition is from Far Eastern countries. In such countries, competitors generally resort to mass producing goods in order to cut costs. Countries like China also resort to dumping of cheap goods into economies. This leads to serious losses for Indian small scale industries are such cheap mass-market goods eat into the put away dormant domestic market of handicrafts in India. There are also issues like use of child labour in India and strict labour laws foreign which might restrict exports to some countries. However, Fine Jewels will ascertain theses things are considered before going into production.Organisation StructureThe business as mentioned earlier will check six partners. The structure will be a flat one. They will be equal partners who will bring in the capital required for the starting of business. The financial projections are already given above regarding the use of the initial capital. The partners will look and run the business in equal measure. monetary ProjectionsAmount of Capital Required The initial investment of the firm is proposed to be Rs. 22 lacs. The company being k nonty in the handicraft products has no investment to make in plant and machinery.Generation of CapitalThe required capital is being partly brought in by six partners and partly being set from the bank. The partners contribution is Rs 2,00,000 each that is in all RS. 12,00,000 are brought by the partners. The remaining 10,00,000 is taken from the bank as Working Capital loan.Utilization of CapitalThe capital will be utilized in the following ways Investment in Land Building admeasuring 1200 Sq ft (3040) is Rs 11,00,000/- I nvestment in Furniture locating Rs 2,00,000/- Tools Equipments Rs 5,000/- Working Capital Rs 8,95,000/-Finance ChargesInterest will be paid at the rate of 10% p.a., to the bank, i.e. 1,00,000 p.a., as finance charges. No interest is given to the partners for their capital investment in the Company.Since we produce 1660 units per month we can achieve Break Even Point in 8.33 month (1660 x 8.33 = 13831 units). This is because by that term we will have reached the necessary target of production for the break evenKey Workers low-cost Housing ChallengesKey Workers Affordable Housing ChallengesAbstractAffordable house in London is an issue which affects many individuals and the problem of inexpensive lodgment in London is particularly of concern to poorer sectors inside London and those in low paid employment (Greater London Authority (2005) 1) (Pacione, M. (1997) 8) and (Greater London Authority (2006) 1). This is a situation which remains unchanged by the fact that there are sche mes in place which purport to ameliorate the problems relating to affordable housing experienced by many people living and working in London (Rugg, R. (1999) 19-20). Schemes such as the Key Worker Living scheme which is administered through the offices of the Deputy Prime Minister, the Teachers Housing Association Scheme and London Strategic Housing have been targeted specifically at key fruit proletarians who experience housing needs in London. However, although the government have made many housing provisions for London based key proles, the problem remains that these provisions arguably do not extend far enough. Specifically, it may be argued that the definition of what a key worker is is perhaps too narrow. It may also be argued that those who extend outside the definition of key worker, but nevertheless experience housing problems are being let down by the government, principally because many of them simply do not qualify for the schemes which have been mentioned above. Th ese arguments will be put forward and evaluated in this paper. The paper will also consider the definition of what a key worker is and how it may not be an adequate definition, given that it is arguably not wide enough. The discussion on the definition of what a key worker is will lead the writer into a wider discussion of whether there is any square need to continue to have a key worker requirement to trigger the assistance which is available to those in need of housing project deep down London. The paper will therefore consider wider economic, sociological and political factors in the analysis of what the government is doing to help those people who do not qualify as key workers but yet cannot afford to live in London and will employ a qualitative, evaluative methodology in doing so.What is the definition of a Key Worker?It is useful to define what is meant by a key worker as this will indirectly provide an indication of the categories of people who fall outside the definitio n, and assist the writer in determining what the government is doing to help those people who do not qualify as key workers but still cannot afford to live in London.A key worker is a difficult concept to define, since different schemes and housing provisions have differing interpretations of what a key worker may be. Therefore, what may be a key worker within one sphere of housing provision may not be considered a key worker within another. In light of this therefore, how may one go about defining what a key worker in naturalism is?To define the concept of a key worker requires an analysis of all the schemes open to key workers and an analysis of exactly who is eligible for the schemes and why. An extrapolation of this analysis will provide clues as to the best way to approach the problem of defining what a key worker is. Therefore the best way to approach defining what a key worker is, is to identify tenets which are present within all the various interpretations of what a key w orker actually is. It is arguable that there are three main tenets which one may identify as being central to the concept of what a key worker is. These are as follows that the worker is employed by the public sector that the worker is in a frontline position performing a crucial public service and that the worker is in a sector where it is difficult to recruit and retain workers (Department of Communities and Local Housing (2006) 1).Who is included within the definition?The people to whom the status of key worker is attributed to therefore must firstly be employed in the public sector dispensing essential services in a sector where there are problems with recruiting round and retaining their services. Categorises of people who fulfil this criteria are clinical provide employed by the NHS, for example nurses (doctors and dentists are excluded) teachers working in maintained primary and secondary educational institutions police officers, community support officers and prison staff uniformed staff in the fire and rescue services probation officers and local authority employed staff (for example educational psychologists) (Department of Communities and Local Housing (2006) 1). mayhap it is also wise to comment on which workers may not fall within the definition. These sectors may include cleaning staff and support staff within teaching institutions and within other professions.Why assistance is particularly tied to the Key Worker sphere and What is being done to assist those who are not Key Workers?The precept behind tying housing assistance to key workers is built upon much ordinary sense. It is sensible to ensure that workers who provide key services are encouraged to stay within key occupations that provide useful services to the general public. Perhaps the need for such a rationale can be brought more sharply into focus by considering what may occur if essential workers were priced out of the market. A scenario like this will deplete the services which ar e available to the entire population within a given area and would perhaps electric shock hospitals and schools in particular. It is plain to see therefore why housing assistance in terms of affordable housing is targeted at these sectors which may be depict as containing key workers. However, there is also an argument to be made that these provisions are not enough, and that they fail to acknowledge the wider issue which is that affordable housing affects many individuals who fall outside the definition of a key worker(http//news.bbc.co.uk/go/em/fr//2/hi/programmes/moneybox/3572353.stm ).The reality is that the problem of affordable housing is a pervasive one, and that most low income people living in London are stirred by the problem of affordable housing. However, as we have seen explained above, the definition of key worker is quite a narrow construction. Therefore professions such as cleaners and some categories of support staff typically have low incomes but do not meet the criteria which are prescribed to give them key worker housing assistance. The services which these groups provide are indeed essential they help to support the day to day running of essential services and are therefore crucial to the lives of all of those living in London. It seems logical therefore that such individuals should be given the same levels of support that key workers are given when it comes to the issue of affordable housing. As we have seen explained above, the reality is very different, and critics of the fact that just key workers qualify for many schemes to provide housing support point to the actual need experienced by the individuals involved not just to the wider usefulness that housing support schemes may afford the general public (which is the justification for the linkage between some housing support and just key workers).However, is it the case whereby the government simply ignore the needs of those who do not qualify for housing assistance as they are not k ey workers? Clearly this is not the case. The government operate housing associations and special needs facilities for those individuals who have needs due to disability or poverty. Those who are on low incomes may qualify for the new tax credits schemes and indeed for rates relief or housing benefit to help lessen the effect of the affordable housing problem. In terms of specific housing provision, non key workers may take advantage of some Social Registered Landlord Schemes1 which include Home win over and Right to Acquire Schemes. Other schemes include the seaside and Country Homes initiative which involves the allocation of homes to those considered deserving (not necessarily key workers) the Homefinder Direct scheme which is similar to the Seaside and Country Homes scheme and the LAWN project which makes homes available to ethnic minorities (www.cityoflondon.gov.uk). These schemes are mean to assist all those in need of housing assistance and not always just key workers.Also , on a macro and political level the government have attempted to make better use of the space which is available to build affordable housing within London. This has involved the conversions of abandoned commercial sites for use as housing sites (Greater London Authority (2005) Section 5.4). This is intended to ensure that available space within London is used sensibly to help lessen the effects of shortages in housing building sites. Clearly this will be of long term assistance to both key workers and non key workers. On a macro level another example of the governments efforts in this area is their current emphasis on building sustainable urban environments, an emphasis which is of benefit to all of those affected by the affordable housing problem, not just those considered to be key workers.The government has also conducted many research initiatives into identifying the root causes of affordable housing problems and aiming to eliminate them. Although these initiatives only address the needs of those affected by the affordable housing problem in an indirect sense, it is clear that the governments efforts on a macro scale (Karn, V. and Wolman, H. (1992) Ch 1) are intended to help those key workers and those non key workers who are all affected by the affordable housing problem.The problem remains however, that non key workers simply do not get the levels of support that key workers may qualify for, in spite of the fact that perhaps both sectors are equally deserving. Therefore, would the problem of affordable housing be more fairly approached by simply abolishing the requirement for workers to qualify as key workers in order to qualify for housing support within London? Another approach would be to make it easier to fall within the definition of what a key worker is. The answer to these two suggestions is that perhaps there is an argument for this to be the case, but it must be counterbalanced against the fact that resources within this area are limited. It is inevitable that there will be a deserving case to be made for many third parties who do not fall within the current definition of what a key worker is and of course, it is the case that it is desirable for all of those who are in need to receive housing support.As we have seen explained above however, there is a cogent rationale for why support is targeted at the key worker sector in particular. Key workers provide valuable services to the entire community and to neglect them would be detrimental to the levels of available services which all those resident in London often depend upon. The reality is that limited resources have to be dissipated in ways that are prescriptive and designed to exclude some categories of people. This exclusion does not point to an idea that the excluded person is undeserving instead it points to the fact that there are limited resources which have to be expended in a frugal manner.BibliographyArticles and ReportsDepartment of Communities and Local Housin g (2006) Key Worker Eligibility. publisher Wandsworth Council. Place of publication UK.Greater London Authority (2005) Housing in London the London Housing Strategy Evidence Base 2005. Publisher Greater London Authority. Place of Publication London.Greater London Authority. (2006) London Futures. Publisher Greater London Authority. Place of Publication London.BooksKarn, V. and Wolman, H. (1992) Comparing Housing Systems Housing Performance and Housing insurance in the United States and Britain. Publisher Oxford University. Place of Publication Oxford.Pacione, M. (1997) Britains Cities Geographies of Division in Urban Britain. Publisher Routledge. Place of Publication London.Rugg, R. (1999) Young People, Housing and Social Policy. Publisher Routledge. Place of Publication London.Websiteshttp//news.bbc.co.uk/go/em/fr/-/2/hi/programmes/moneybox/3572353.stmhttp//www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/our_services/residents_housing/housing_services/housing_advice_options/council_tenant/ct _fresh_start.htm1Footnotes1 Also known as SRL schemes.

Factors that Influence Buyer Decision for Property

Factors that Influence emptor Decision for PropertyCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION1.0 Introduction of subject araNowadays, the films for houses increase every year. In Malaysia, lodgement demands include all sorts of houses which are low cost houses, medium cost houses and in like manner senior high school cost houses. tout ensemble the demands for the houses come from all kind of income gatherings ground on their income. The supply of the houses sometimes over than demands that makes the houses abundant. more challenges of competitive market in these decades because the developers entering the house market increasing. At the same time, the local and internal economic makes the developers to aware and pay attention to the purchasers for their needs, satisfaction and preferences. When the developers meet the vendees needs, satisfaction and preferences in delivering the product, this result avoid in abundant of the retention.The thesis is about the findings of the search that run intos the factors that work out the buyers towards get the residential holding. The buyers that involved in this thesis are chosen from the people that attend new launched project and besides the buyer that already bought a house. The findings overly come from the observation of the field of lead area and too the market. wholly the factors that influence buyers in end- qualification pull up stakes be defined and the preferences and satisfaction of the buyers in like manner pickings into account. The outcome of this knowledge will help to increase the quality of the seat towards the development of new residential office in the market.1.1 Background of flying fieldThe study covers the buyers and alike the residential property in Kuching, Sarawak. The demand for houses increased in Kuching caused by the increment of the population in this town. The study after part similarly be the guide towards preparing the residential property ground on the preferences and th e satisfaction of the buyers. If the residential property build base on the preferences and satisfaction of the buyer, the market will be active and the supply of the houses will meet the requirements of the buyers through and through this study.The factors that maybe included that influence the buyers in finish making are design, reparation, developers reputation, facilities within neighborhood, resort and security and the equipment casualty. The factors that influence the buyer in decision making toward the residential property of each respective buyer is different, so through this study, the factors can be defined.1.3 Problem StatementThis dissertation is to know what are the factors that influence buyer in decision-making for residential property. It is to assure that the preferences and satisfaction of the buyers could be determined.1.4 ObjectivesThere are devil main objectives for this interrogation. They are as followsTo define the factors that influence buyers in deci sion making for residential propertyTo measure the level of importance of factors that influence buyers in decision-making forge.1.5 Scope of StudyThe scope of this study is mainly in Kuching which is located in Sarawak. The study will focus on residential property in Kuching Sarawak. The residential properties which are the landed property that involve in this study include the medium cost living accommodations and high cost lodging. The landed property that being focused are single news report terrace house, double storey terrace house, single storey semi-detached house, double storey semi-detached house, single storey detached house and double storey detached house.It also concentrated on the buyers in three assorts of age between 25 age grey-haired to 30 years old, 30 years old to 35 years old and 35 years and above. The three groups are chosen because of the age of 25 years to 30 years is the best age to own the house and the age of 35years and above is the age which they must own the house for living.Besides that, this study also focuses on the group of income in order to determine the level of affordability in buying the property. In this study, the residential property that involves is medium cost housing and high cost housing. So, the income group should be determined.1.6 Significance of StudyThe significance of this study is to know the factors that influence the buyers in decision making of residential property in order to make sure that the supply of the property will fulfill the requirement of the buyers in buying the property. It also important to know the preferences of the buyers so that no housing units in the area would be abundant caused by not fulfill their satisfaction.In addition, this study also can be the guidelines and also preparation for the developers in order to build and supply the property to the market and at the same time, the government can take action to avoid the housing development from being abundant. The factors tha t influence buyers in decision making are also important because it can help to determine the design, the location, the worth and also the facilities that take in the development.1.7 Methodology of StudyIn this study, two methods used in order to find the information to lead through the completion of this thesis. The methods are split into two which is primary data and mhoary data.For primary data, the method is by distributing the questionnaires. In distributing the questionnaires, the person to answer the survey are the new buyers, the recent residents and also the visitors at the new launched project and housing exhibition.For secondary data, the method are by manual which come from reading the reference books, journals, papers and also the magazines , by statistics data which can be smelling at the segment of Statistics of Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia and Economic Planning Unit and also the data collection from online through websites related to the effect and also the in quiry papers. Through reading, much information can be gathered together for a good and successful outcome in this study. All the materials to be read will be find at main library of Universiti Malaya, library Faculty of Built Environment, National Library, Pustaka Negeri Sarawak and also Perpustakaan Sultanah Zanariah Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.1.8 Organization of StudyCHAPTER 1 IntroductionIn chapter 1, the introduction includes the background of the study that will be discussed in this thesis. It also orders the problem statement that also can be the hypothesis of this study. The objectives of this study also include in this chapter. Besides that, the introduction also discussed the scope of the study, the significance of study and also the methodology of the study.CHAPTER 2 literary productions ReviewLiterature review harps of the strategy of the thesis in order to gain and gather the data of information that are needed in this study. All the data from the articles in the property magazines and books, the journals related to the housing demands and property buyers, the research papers about the related topics, books that include all the information about buying a property and also residential property, magazines that shows the factors influence the buyers in decision making of residential property.CHAPTER 3 Overview the Study AreaFor this chapter, the overview of the study area will consists of the socio-economy in Kuching which is the location of this study. The socio-economy depends on the population of people in Kuching, the household income, the group of age, the changes in physical environment and differentwises socioeconomic issues.CHAPTER 4 Research epitome and FindingsThe research analysis is the analysis of this study from all the information and data that gathered together in order to get the outcome. All the analysis and the findings from this study determines into graphs, charts, tables and also pictures to make this study clear.CHAPTE R 5 Research Outcomes and ConclusionIn this chapter, all the finding and research analysis will be summarized and the conclusion of this study will be presented. Either than that, the implication of this study are also discussed and the availability of the problem statement whether it can be used or not.CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEWCHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 IntroductionIn decision making for residential property, there are several factors that influence the buyers. The factors are divided into categories. The categories are buyers experiment and preferences, demographic factors, economic factors and mete outing strategy.This thesis will focus on residential property which is the landed property. The landed property consists of property for high income group and middle income group which are terrace house, semi-detached house and detached house. The property categorized according to the supply and demand in the market and also the charges.The location for this housing study wil l focus in Kuching, Sarawak that gravel a large population due to Sarawak, the biggest state in Malaysia which lose the multiracial including Malay, Chinese, Indian and others. The reason to stick out this location as the case study is because of the big location with multiracial and can explore the demand and the preferences of the consumers in buying the residential property.2.2 Definition2.2.1 Decision- MakingDecision-making is an outcome of mental processes. Every decision making process produces a finalchoice wherebythe output can be an action or an opinion of choice which is a continuous process integrated in the interaction with the environment concerned with the logic of decision making and rationality with the invariant choice.Decision making made by the buyer, depends on individuals need, preferences, satisfaction and also their requirement in order to choose the perfect and undecomposed choice in buying the property. The decision making influence by various factors.In this study, the objective is to determine the factors that influence buyers in decision making of residential properties. The decision making of every people related to the factors and the way of the people think in order to fulfill the need and satisfaction through the requirement of the property.2.2.2 Consumer (Buyer)The product which is goods and services that consumes by a person and has the ability to choose between the different suppliers and products. In the other hand, consumer or buyer is a party that requires or agrees to own, acquire and have the benefit in usage for the services that in exchange for money or other consideration chthonian a contract or agreement of sale.The consumer or buyer in this study just focuses on high group income and middle group income. It is because to look towards the choices or need of this income group in their decision making for buying residential property. For lower income group, it just only lead to the affordability in their decision making, so they are not chosen as the respondent in condition of buyer for this study.2.2.3 Consumer BehaviorConsumer behavior examines not only consumers action, but also the reasons for those behaviors. On a macro level, marketers are interested in demographic shifts as well as societys values, beliefs and practices that affect how consumers interact with the marketplace. Thus, concepts are drawn from sociology and psychology send off prominently in the study of consumer behavior. (Karen M Gibler and Susan L Nelson, 2003, p.63-64)Consumer behavior is the study of how people behave when obtaining, using, and disposing of products and services or when, why, how, where and what people do or do not to buyproducts.It mixes ofpsychology, social,personal andcultural. It is attempting to understand the buyer decision-making process for both, individually and in groups. The characteristic of individual consumers such asdemographicsand behavioral variables which is in an attempt to unders tand peoples regards. It also assesses influences on theconsumerfrom groups such as family, friends, reference groups, and society in general.Customer behavior study is based on consumer buying behavior, with the node playing the three lucid roles of user, payer and buyer. The race market is being the influential of asset for customer behavior analysis as it become a keen interest in the rediscovery of the true meaning of marketing through the re-affirmation of the importance to the customer or buyer. A greater importance is also placed on consumer retention, customer relationship management, personalization, customization and one-to-one marketing. Social functions can be categorized into social choice and welfare functions.Consumer behavior also can be define as the process and activities which the people engage in when searching for, selecting, purchasing, using, evaluating, and disposing of products and services to fill up their needs and desires. For cultural, the people w ill act based on the cultural that usually be the influence in certain places and surrounding. For social, the people will think and act more to socially action that also can be positive and negative. In physiological aspect, it is more to thinking and the personal behavior leads to the decision making. People maybe influence by the way they thinking of.2.2.4 MarketingDefinition of marketing by Institute of Marketing is the management function which organizes and directs all those business activities involved in assessing and converting customer purchasing power into effective demand for a specific production or service to the final customer or user so as to achieve the profit target or other objective set by the company.Marketing is a combination of marketing concept of marketing concept, marketing function and the operational implementation of these functions in the context of the concept. The marketing concept can be most simply explained as a belief that the organization can fu nction in the best interests of its customer and its self where a balance is achieved between the need of both of these parties. (Trustrum, LeslieBernard,1989, p.48).Marketing plan is the marketing strategy by the developer to carry their property to the people so that people will attract to buy the property from them. The advantages of marketing strategy will diverse marketing activities that can be better co-ordinate and can avoid or reduce to a minimum crisis management such as unsold unit and etc. The basis of marketing strategy is 4Ps consist of Product, Price, Place and Promotion.2.2.5 DeveloperThe coordinators of the activities that converting ideas on the paper to the reality by building the realproperty that encompassing activities range from therenovationand re-leaseof existingbuildings to the purchase of rawlandand the sale of improved parcels to others.Developers usually take the greatestriskin the creation or renovation of real estate and receive the greatest rewards s uch as the money and also acknowledgement from the purchaser or respective buyer that satisfy with their product. Usually, developers purchase a tract of land then determine themarketing of the property. After that, they developing the building program and design, obtaining the necessary public approval and financing, building the structure, leasing, managing, and eventually selling the property.Developers work with many different counterparts along each step of this process including the architects, planners, engineers, surveyors, inspectors, contractors, property agents and etc. The developers build the house to supply to the market and sell to the buyer based on the demand in the market. The demand depends on the needs of the consumer, the market trend and also the economic trends.2.2.6 ResidentialResidential property is the property in the residential area that includes the single family housing, multi-family residential or mobile house. The residential property is under the zo ning of residential and may allow high tautness land use or low density land use.Residential development is real estate development for the purpose of residential. The developments are when the land divided into lots with the house constructed on each piece of subdivided land.2.2.6.1 Medium Cost HousingMedium cost housing is the property that sell in the median price that can be purchase by medium income group and high income group. The medium cost housing in this research is the single storey terrace house, double storey terrace house, single storey semi-detached house and double storey semi-detached house.2.2.6.2 postgraduate Cost HousingHigh cost housing is the property that the price is high and usually for the high income group of people. The high cost housing is selling with the high price that the price influences by the material, the design, the location and the size or area. The people that usually buy the high cost property is the people that need the high satisfaction and also all about luxury. The high cost housing could be the detached house and also high end property. In this research, the high cost housing is the single storey detached house and double storey detached house.2.3 FactorsFactors divided into four categories which are demographics factor, economics factor, buyers taste and preferences and marketing strategy. The factors distribute in the categories so that it is easy to determine what, how, when and etc. In addition, the factors that influence buyers in decision of residential property can be determining by distributed the factors as above.For demographics factor, it includes the age, social class and race or ethnicity. Age of the buyer also important that may influence them in decision making because it may show that what type of residential property they want that can give them satisfaction or needs for the requirement of the property. For social class in this study, it consists of high income group and middle income group beca use it is easy to know what they want to consider before buying the property not only based on their financial. The low income group is not included in this study because of the affordability of them to buy the type of property which is just the low cost housing. Race or ethnicity is one of the demographics factor because it also could influence the buyer whether to live in a same location with it own ethnic or race or just mixed with other races and ethnic.For economics factor, it consists of prices, availability of pay and affordability. Prices of the property depends on the type of property, location of the property, the supply and demand of property and also the market trends of current situation. The availability of finance may depend on either the government loan or private institutions loan such as bank and etc. The finance also depends on the availability of the bank in releasing the amount of loan and based on the income of buyer. Affordability is the main thing to discuss whereby every people have their own level of affordability.Marketing strategy is also one of the factors in decision making. Marketing strategy has four basis which are price, progression, place and product. The price can me the measurement to know what is the price that agreed and affordable for the buyer based on the type of property, location and also the market price. The promotions in this marketing strategy consist of the launching of the project and the exhibition also important which is good in order to promote the property to the prospective buyer. Such promotion can attract more buyers and give the buyer opportunities to ask about the property and also giving the good image of developer and the product itself. Place is the location where is the property located and it seems very important because in every location, it have its own density and population. Some of the buyer wants the location either the high density or low density of population and some of the buyer wants to buy the property located in the city centre or otherwise. For the product, it depends on whether it is high class property or medium class property for high income group and middle income group. Depending on the class of property, the marketing strategy should be based on the focus group that will buy the property. So, the developer has the main role in the development to plan a good marketing strategy in order to have the successful project by selling 100% of the units.Buyers taste and preferences is the buyer needs and satisfaction in order to fulfill their taste and comfortless. The buyer needs and satisfaction is different. According to Abraham Maslow (1954), safety is one of the needs of human. The safety includes the security of family, health and property. So, the people needs the property for secure and health whereby every human being need shelter to lives. For satisfaction, it is more towards the luxury, taste and comfort that will be different depending on the person. Preferencesis a concept that have been used in thesocial sciences, particularly economics that assumes a real or imagined choice between alternatives and the possibility of rank ordering of these alternatives, based onhappiness, satisfaction,gratification, enjoyment and theutilitythey provide. More generally, it can be seen as a source ofmotivation. In cognitive sciences, individual preferences enable choice of objectives or goals.2.4 Factors Might Be Influence the BuyerFrom the factors above, the factors might be influence the buyer in decision making for the residential property are the design, location, developers reputation, facilities within neighborhood, safety and security and the price.The residential property has several of design nowadays such as contemporary design, modern design or traditional design. All the design chooses by the buyers to buy the residential property. So, the design might be one of the factors that influence buyer in decision-making. The location also might be the factors that influence the buyer in decision making. The location might be choose by the buyer are in the city centre, near the city centre and out of the city. The location that the buyer wants to live is the factors might be influence them in decision making.The developers reputation might be the factor that influences buyers because it is all about quality and confidence to the buyer to buy the house. The reputation of the developer could show the quality of the house and build the confidence to the buyer in buying the property from them. The safety and security in residential area is important because nowadays the criminal cases highly increased and made people more aware about the security for the safety living. The people aver that if in the area have a good security and safety, it would be safe for living and it might be one of the factor that influence buyer.The price is based on the design, location and also the market trends. The price that is reasonable bas ed on the area or size, design location would be the factors that influence buyer in decision-making. So, the factors might be influence the buyer will be determined in the questionnaire and the level of interest would be defined.2.5 Buyers Decision- Making procedureBuyers decision vary an importance and complexity, thus, it is important to classify them to be understand the characteristics, the products, the marketing strategy implications on each type of purchase behavior.2.7 Theory of inevitablyMaslows theory of needsFigure 2.5 Maslows Theory of NeedsThe safety level includes the security of the body, employment, resources, morality, the family, health and property. In this research, the important part of the safety is the shelter whereby its a need for the family to live with comfortable and healthy living in a property.So the buyers have the right in the need for a property that they want to buy and before make the decision, they need to know what is the factors that influenc e them in buying the property.2.8 ConclusionFor this literature review, the discussion more on the definition of decision making, consumer, developer, the marketing and also factors that lead to the factors that influence buyers in decision-making.All the category of factors based on the buyer itself and also the market trends that supply the property. The developer also have to take note that not only the demand of buyer need to be fulfill but also the economic and demographic factors must taking into account. In conclusion, the factors that influence buyers in decision making of residential property for this case of study and also the level of interest of those factors can be determine by the research.CHAPTER 3 OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY AREACHAPTER 3OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY AREA3.0 IntroductionThis chapter attempts to give an overview of the study in Kuching. The issues to be discussed in this chapter are information related to socioeconomic in Kuching.3.1 Background of Study AreaSarawak is one of the state on the island of Borneo which also known as Land of the Hornbills. It is situated on the north-west of the island and it is the largest state among all in Malaysia. It is the capital of Sarawak as it is the largest city on the island of Borneo and also the fourth largest city in Malaysia. Sarawak divided into eleven administrative divisions which are Kuching Division, Samarahan Division, Sri Aman Division, Betong Division, Sarikei Division, Sibu Division, Mukah Division, Kapit Division, Bintulu Division, Miri Division and Limbang Division.Each division divided into districts which are 33 districts in Sarawak. In Kuching Division, there are District Of Kuching, Lundu and Bau. The study area of this research is District of Kuching in Kuching Division. The district covers an area of 1, 863 square kilometres with the population approximately 620 700. The district of Kuching is administered and divided into three local governments which are Kuching wedlock urban ce nter third house, Kuching southwestern City Council and Padawan Municipal Council.The part under Kuching North City Hall covering an area of 369.48 square kilometers which is the area north of te Sarawak River, parts of overaged Kuching and also the western Central Business District. Meanwhile, the area south of the Sarawak River, eastern Central Business District and towards the southerly China Sea is within Kuching South City Council jurisdiction. The rural areas within Kuching District, Batu Kawa, Kota Sentosa and Third Miles are under the jurisdiction of Padawan Municipal Council.DistrictJurisdictionLand Area (square kilometers)KuchingKuching North City Hall369.48Kuching South City Council61.53Padawan Municipal Council1431.83Total1862.84Table 3.1 Total Area of Kuching DistrictFor further information about the location of Kuching, please refer to the adjunct I.3.2 PopulationSarawak has the population of about 579, 900 in years 2006.From this survey, it shows that Kuching Dis trict has a great housing market which the potential buyers are from the category of 25 years old and above.According to the population census 2006 published by surgical incision of Statistic, Malaysia, the population of Kuching District is as the following-JurisdictionTotalKuching North City Hall133, 600Kuching South City Council143, 500Padawan Municipal Council302, 800Total579,900Table 3.2 Population Census 2006 in Kuching District(Sources Population Distribution by local anaesthetic Authority Areas and Mukims, Census 2006, Department of Statistics Malaysia.)3.2.1 Projected Population by Ethnic Group(Sources Population Distribution by Local Authority Areas and Mukims, Census 2006, Department of Statistics Malaysia)The majority projected population by ethnic in Kuching District within Kuching Division is Chinese, which is 38% of the whole population and about 220, cd people. The second ethnic is Malays, 36% and follow by other ethnic groups 16% and Iban 10 %.The projected populat ion by ethnic group and jurisdiction in Kuching for year 2009 is shown in the Table 3.3. The total population from the table has shown that majority of residents in Kuching District live under Padawan Municipal Council jurisdiction. Population under Kuching North City Hall is lesser than other jurisdiction although the land area is bigeer in size than Kuching South City Council.JurisdictionTotalMalayChineseIbanOther Ethnic groupKuching North City Hall133, 60080, 16026, 72010, 04016, 680Kuching South City Council143, 50040, 80568, 80021, 06012, 835Padawan Municipal Council302, 80087, 799124, 84226, 89063, 269Note 1. Population projection based on the 2006 Population Census2. The added total may differ due to rounding(Sources Population Distribution by Local Authority Areas and Mukims, Census 2006, Department of Statistics Malaysia)3.2.2 Projected Population by Age GroupAge GroupKuching North City HallTotal579, 9000-480,5005-960,80010-1452,20015-1954, 90020-2449, 30025-2949, 30030-344 3, 50035-3937, 40040-4430, 70045-4929, 60050-5425, 30055-5920, 80060-6416, 90065-6914, 500

Pyromaniac :: Personal Narratives Fire Essays

Pyromaniac A secret label, hushed and never talked about, has followed my name since I was born Pyro, pyromaniac that is. Fascination with fire, the uncontrollable impulse to start fires, has been circulating in my blood from the first day I was born. Smelting heat and flames would spark my attention no matter what my surroundings. Candle lit dinner tables, switch flick colorful lighters, lit cigarette butts and burning matches. Oh matches How I love them. The smell of gasoline has of all time been a heavenly scent, burning paper and bonfire parties are two of my other favorites. Smokey murk has always soothed me. One crisp October afternoon, however, that soothing smoky haze turned against me.I was fourteen years old, my parents were not home but my partner-in-crime, Anne, was by my side. Anne was my best friend throughout my childhood years, we did everything together. On weekdays after school, Anne and I headed to my house to be greeted by my comforting living room for our ritu al TV session. Saved by the Bell was our preferred program. With the TV blaring in the background, we scattered our homework about the floor as if we had been studying, just in case my mom showed up unexpectedly. We left behind stained crumpled napkins, fractional eaten snacks and soda cans with few sips drawn from the lip, as we began the hunt for after school frenzy.Suddenly, an idea mazed through my intricate thought process until it burst. The explosion erupted and excitement swam through my bones, in and out of every limb and muscle. I jumped, lets light something on fire in the garage. It would be safer outside of my house, I thought (no one will see us). My garage contained two small tinted windows, so that no one could peer inside, no one could catch us in the act of the crime. Annes face lit up with excitement as she said, Ok, Ill grab the toilet paper and napkins, you grab some compose paper. Our plan was set. We scurried to the garage, carrying pa per and other burnables. Matches were always better than lighters for experiments such as these. For our first experiment, we ignited napkins and paper, but the excitement quickly fizzled. Having lost our initial epinephrin rush, we began to search for more dangerous flammables.

The American :: essays research papers

A literary technique that authors often times employ is giving to the casings a name to farm the readers understanding of that character. In The the Statesn, Henry pack uses this style with most of his characters names. Often times, the names may translate into an English word, or it could steady just sound like an English word. The novel is better understood because of this and the reader can get more meaning out of each character and his or her spirit traits. In whichever way James chooses to depict names, they intensify the readers comprehension. The main character, Christopher Newman, is a prime example of Henry James use of this method. He is named after Christopher Columbus, the discoverer of America, as he says early in the novel, "Did you ever hear of Christopher Columbus?my parents named me for him." (6). This is just relating him ever more to America and distinguishing him from a European. His last name "Newman" is very symbolic. He has traveled to Eur ope and Paris to basically become a "new man." He has given up his previous life of business and hard work, and is determined to live carefree and abroad. Newman changes day by day, and the reader follows along with these changes. The name Claire de Cintré also enhances the readers knowledge of her as a person. "Claire" in French means " blithe" and "Cintré" often can be translated as "crazy" or "insane." Claire is a light in many ways. She always wears white clothing, which can be very bright and seems to almost emit a glow when she is in a room. Her personality is also very lightening. She is well liked among everyone the reader is introduced to and always seems to attract the attention of people when she is in the room. Newman says, "if you are going into a room with Madame de Cintré, you neednt be afraid of being noticed yourself" (139). Claire also can be seen by the reader to be a bit "crazy." Sh e puts on a lofty façade to those around her, but she can be different. She seems to be very depressed behind the happy face that she puts on. Nobody will really let out of why her previous marriage was such a disaster, and this may be the cause of her depression. The reader can also assume that living with a take and brother as the Marquise de Bellegarde and Urbain could drive any sane person a bit mad.